p-Block Elements: p block elements notes class 12 download from below link:

Elements in which the last electron enters any one of the three p-orbitals of their respective outermost shell are called p-block elements.
Group 15 elements
Group 15 elements are collectively called pnictogens.
Chemical properties:
Stability of +3 oxidation state increases and that of +5 decreases down the group due to inert pair effect.
Halides: All the elements form trihalides of the type MX3 and except nitrogen, all form pentahalides of the type MX5.
– Stability: NF3 > NCl3 > NBr3
– Lewis acid strength: PCl3 > AsCl3 > SbCl3 and PF3 > PBr3 > PI3
– Lewis base strength: NI3 > NBr3 > NCl3 > NF3
– Bond angle: PF3 < PCl3 < PBr3 < PI3
(increasing b.p. – b.p. repulsions)

Hydrides: All the elements form hydrides of the type MH3 which are covalent and pyramidal in shape.
Oxides: All these elements form oxides of the type X2O3, X2O4 and X2O5
GROUP 16 ELEMENTS (OXYGEN FAMILY)
Group 16 elements are collectively called chalcogens.
Chemical properties:
The stability of –2 oxidation state decreases down the group, the stability of +4 oxidation state increases and that of +6 oxidation state decreases down the group due to inert pair effect.
Hydrides: All the elements form stable hydrides of the type H2M. Their general trends are:
– Boiling point: H2O > H2Te > H2Se > H2S
– Volatility: H2S > H2Se > H2Te > H2O
– Bond angle: H2O > H2S > H2Se > H2Te
– Acidic character: H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te
– Reducing power: H2Te > H2Se > H2S > H2O
Halides: All elements form halides of the type EX6, EX4 and EX2.
Properties:
– Dioxygen is colourless and odourless gas, soluble in water and paramagnetic in nature.
– Dioxygen directly reacts with all metals (except noble metals like Au, Pt ), non-metals (except noble gases).
Uses:
– For arti_cial respiration in hospitals and by mountaineers, pilots and divers.
– In oxy-hydrogen and oxy-acetylene torches which are used for cutting and welding of metals.
– Liquid dioxygen is used as rocket fuel.

GROUP 17 ELEMENTS (HALOGEN FAMILY)
Group 17 elements are collectively called halogens.
Chemical properties:
F shows only – 1 oxidation state while other elements show –1, +1, +3, +5 and +7 oxidation states also.
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General trends:
– Reactivity: F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
– Boiling points: HF > HI > HBr > HCl
– Melting points: HI > HF > HBr > HCl
– Bond lengths: HI > HBr > HCl > HF
– Bond dissociation enthalpy: HF > HCl > HBr > HI
– Acidic strength: HI > HBr > HCl > HF
– Thermal stability: HF > HCl > HBr > HI
– Reducing power: HI > HBr > HCl > HF
Oxides:
– Fluorine forms two oxides OF2 and O2F2 called oxygen fluorides, other halogens form oxides in which oxidation states of these halogens range from +1 to +7.
– The higher oxides of halogens are more stable than the lower ones. The p-Block Elements 125
Metal halides:
– Ionic character: MF > MCl > MBr > MI
– For metals exhibiting more than one oxidation states, the halides in higher oxidation states will be more covalent than the one in lower oxidation states.
Properties: It is a yellowish-green gas, poisonous in nature, soluble in water. Its aqueous solution is known as chlorine water.
Uses: It is used as a bleaching agent, disinfectant and in the manufacture of CHCl3, CCl4, DDT, bleaching powder, poisonous gas phosgene (COCl2), tear gas (CCl3NO2) and mustard gas (ClC2H4SC2H4Cl).
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GROUP 18 ELEMENTS (NOBLE GASES)
These are monoatomic gases and are also known as rare gases or aerogens.
Chemical properties: Noble gases are the least reactive due to high ionization enthalpy and more positive electron gain enthalpy.
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